Section 5: Key Points
What We've Covered
This section made the following main points:
What We've Covered
This section made the following main points:
- The 3Rs concept of using test methods replace the use of animals with other types of studies and approaches, reduce the number of animals used in studies, and refine study procedures to cause less pain or stress to animals.
- ALTBIB is a comprehensive starting point provided by NLM to find information related to alternatives to animal testing.
- Animal tests for toxicity have been conducted prior to and in parallel with human clinical investigations.
- Standardized animal tests have been developed for testing:
- Acute toxicity
- Subchronic toxicity
- Chronic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Reproductive toxicity
- Developmental toxicity
- Dermal toxicity
- Ocular toxicity
- Neurotoxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Modern approaches to toxicity testing are preferred over animal testing and include:
- In vitro methods, which are performed outside living organisms.
- In silico methods, which are performed using computers and computer simulation.
- Chip models, which include human cell cultures placed on computer chips for study.
- Approaches used for testing pharmaceuticals include:
- Clinical investigations, in which human subjects are studied with clinical observations and laboratory measurements.
- Epidemiological studies, involving observation of humans exposed to xenobiotics in their regular life or occupation.
- Reports of adverse reactions to drugs.
- Consumer products and the chemicals they contain are tested through:
- In silico data from computer models.
- In vitro data from tests performed as alternatives to animal testing.
- Animal study data.
- Human data from premarketing and postmarketing studies.